英文词源
- eleven
- eleven: [OE] Originally, eleven and twelve seem to have meant literally ‘one over’ and ‘two over’. Eleven comes ultimately from a prehistoric Germanic *ainlif- (source also of German elf and Swedish elva) in which the first element *ainaz is ‘one’ and the second is probably related to English leave. The compound would thus have signified ‘one left (over ten)’, hence ‘ten plus one’.
=> leave, one - eleven (n.)
- c. 1200, elleovene, from Old English enleofan, endleofan, literally "one left" (over ten), from Proto-Germanic *ainlif- (compare Old Saxon elleban, Old Frisian andlova, Dutch elf, Old High German einlif, German elf, Old Norse ellifu, Gothic ainlif), a compound of *ain "one" (see one) + PIE *leikw- "leave, remain" (source of Greek leipein "to leave behind;" see relinquish).
FIREFLY: Give me a number from 1 to 10.
Viking survivors who escaped an Anglo-Saxon victory were daroþa laf "the leavings of spears," while hamora laf "the leavings of hammers" was an Old English kenning for "swords" (both from "The Battle of Brunanburgh"). Twelve reflects the same formation. Outside Germanic the only instance of this formation is in Lithuanian, which uses -lika "left over" and continues the series to 19 (vienio-lika "eleven," dvy-lika "twelve," try-lika "thirteen," keturio-lika "fourteen," etc.). Meaning "a team or side" in cricket or football is from 1743.
CHICOLINI: eleven!
FIREFLY: Right!
中文词源
eleven（十一）：穿鞋和光脚者的计数方式差别
在很多古代文化中，数字与人们用手指头和脚趾头数数的方法相关。生活在温暖地区的人通常是光着脚的，数数时把脚趾头也用上，因此采用了二十进制的计数方法。而古代日耳曼名族生活在冰雪覆盖的北欧，一年四季都需要穿鞋，因此只用十个手指头来数数。数到十时已经用完了所有手指头，因此“十一”在古英语中叫做enleofan，意思就是“（十个手指头用完后）还剩一个”，后来演变为现代英语中的eleven（十一）。“十二”在古英语中叫做twelf，意思就是“（十个手指头用完后）还剩二个”，后来演变为现代英语中的twelve（十二）。
eleven：[ɪ'lev(ə)n] n.十一
twelve：[twelv] n.十二
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：eleven 词源，eleven 含义。
eleven：十一
e, 同one. -lev, 留下，词源同leave, delinquent.即多出一个的，十一，比较twelve.
eleven：十一
在许多文化中计数起源于手指和足趾。生活在气候暖和地区的古人，如苏美尔人( Sumerians)，通常是赤着脚的，即便穿便鞋也是十趾外露。他们计数靠的是10个手指加上10个足趾，故把20作为其计数系统的基础。这反映在他们的语言上。史前日耳曼民族生活的地区每年总有几个月是冰雪覆盖的，须着鞋袜把足趾掩藏起来，故其计数系统是以10为
基础的。盎格鲁撒克逊牧猪人在数猪时数到11手指不够用，就说endleofan，意思是one left (over ten)，若为12则说tewlf，意思是two left(after ten)。这两个词最后分别演变为现代英语的eleven和twelve。发音和拼写的变化使词的成分与整个词之间的关系变得模糊了，使原义逐渐为人们所遗忘。从thirteen到nineteen则是以另一形式构成，如thirteen在古英语中原作抽treotyne，意为three and ten，以下类推。twenty茌古英语原作twentig，字面义为two tens。
eleven：十一
人只有十根手指，当人们想数11时，用完了十个指头发现还差一个，而eleven的根义就是“留下一个”。它来自原始日耳曼语ainlif，这里的ain就是我们熟悉的one。即是说，eleven的e相当于“one”，词根lev即“留下”，如同源的leave（留下），-en为名词后缀。