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humor

英文词源

humor (n.)youdaoicibaDictYouDict
mid-14c., "fluid or juice of an animal or plant," from Old North French humour (Old French humor; Modern French humeur), from Latin umor "body fluid" (also humor, by false association with humus "earth"); related to umere "be wet, moist," and to uvescere "become wet," from PIE *wegw- "wet."

In ancient and medieval physiology, "any of the four body fluids" (blood, phlegm, choler, and melancholy or black bile) whose relative proportions were thought to determine state of mind. This led to a sense of "mood, temporary state of mind" (first recorded 1520s); the sense of "amusing quality, funniness" is first recorded 1680s, probably via sense of "whim, caprice" (1560s), which also produced the verb sense of "indulge," first attested 1580s. "The pronunciation of the initial h is only of recent date, and is sometimes omitted ...." [OED] For types of humor, see the useful table below, from H.W. Fowler ["Modern English Usage," 1926].

device HUMOR WIT SATIRE SARCASM INVECTIVE IRONY CYNICISM SARDONIC
motive/aim discovery throwing light amendment inflicting pain discredit exclusiveness self-justification self-relief
province human nature words & ideas morals & manners faults & foibles misconduct statement of facts morals adversity
method/means observation surprise accentuation inversion direct statement mystification exposure of nakedness pessimism
audience the sympathetic the intelligent the self-satisfied victim & bystander the public an inner circle the respectable the self
humor (v.)youdaoicibaDictYouDict
1580s; see humor (n.). Related: Humored; humoring.

中文词源

humor(幽默):古代的四体液理论

古希腊名医希波克拉底(hippocrates)认为人体内有四种主要的液体:血液、黏液、黄胆汁和黑胆汁。如果这四种液体在体内失去平衡,人的性情就会大受影响。这四种体液就叫做humour(或humor),代表了一个人的脾气或心情。

英国戏剧家班·强生写过一出喜剧:《每个人都有自己的脾气》(Every Man in His Humour)。剧中人物的性格引人发笑。因此,humour又有了“幽默”、“滑稽”和“诙谐”的含义。

根据体液理论,一个人如果体内黑胆汁太多,就会变得“性情忧郁”。因此,表示黑胆汁的单词melancholy也就具有了“忧郁”的含义。单词melancholy来自希腊语melanchole(黑胆汁),chole表示胆、胆汁,melan表示黑色,含有melan的单词还有melanoma黑素瘤、melanin黑色素等。

humor: ['hjʊmɚ] n.幽默,体液

melancholy:['melənkəlɪ]adj. 忧郁的;使人悲伤的n. 忧郁;悲哀;愁思

该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版:humor 词源,humor 含义。

humor:体液,心情,幽默,诙谐

来自拉丁语umor,体液,来自umere,湿的,词源同humid.在古代指人体的四种体液,即blood,phlegm,choler,black bile,血液,黏液,胆汁液,黑胆汁液,这四种体液的组合和多寡决定人的性格,心境,情绪,同时,这四种体液的组合虽然基本固定,但也会发生变化,从而人的心情也随之发生变化,引申词义兴致,心血来潮,纵容等词义,并同时引申词义逗笑的能力,即幽默感。20世纪初学者严复将该词翻译为幽默并广为流传,需说明的是,当时h是不发音的。

humor:幽默,诙谐;心情,心境

humor,humour,原系拉丁文,意为“体液”。按中世纪病理学.人体内有四种体液(humors):血液、粘液(phlegm)、胆汁(cnoler或yellow bile)和(实际上不存在的)忧郁液(melancholy或black bile)。其比例决定人的性格气质。血液比例大为多血质(sanguine),性格乐观自信;粘渡过多为粘液质(phlegmatic),反应迟钝、不易动情;胆汁(即黄胆汁)过多为胆汁质(choleric),性情暴躁、动辄发怒;忧郁液(即黑胆汁)比例过高为忧郁质(melancholic),性格阴郁多愁。简而言之,四种体液的比例合理便是个理想的人,某种体液比例失当则会影响人的脾性或心绪。到了16世纪humour由“体液”引申出“情绪”、“心境”等义,并且产生了out of humour(心绪不佳,不高兴),in a good humour(情绪好),in a bad humour(心绪不好)之类的说法。

体液说对作家的人物塑造颇有影响。从16至18世纪英国剧作家基于此说创造了大量喜剧,塑造了各种类型的人物,琼森(Ben Jonson,1572 - 1637)是其中最突出的代表。他的喜剧《人人高兴》(Every Man in His Humour,1598)和《人人扫兴》(Every Man Out of His Humour,1599)比较集中地反映了这一点。他在后一部喜剧的前言中提出“气质论”,认为四种不同的气质、不同的组合会产生不同的性格,如嫉妒、多虑、爱吹嘘、胆怯、贪婪等。按照体液说,一个人物某种体液越占优势,他和行为就越怪异,就越能产生引人发笑的舞台效果。humour如今最常用的词义“幽默(感)”,“诙谐”便是由此产生的,但它是直到1 8世纪才出现。汉语的美学术语“幽默”究其根源实为humour 一词之音译。

humor:幽默,诙谐

词根词缀: -hum-湿 + -or状况,行为拉丁语humor(液体)也指“体液”。古代认为人的性格、脾气会随着四种体液(血、痰、胆汁和黑胆汁)的变化而产生。

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