英文词源
- hoodlum (n.)
- popularized 1871, American English, (identified throughout the 1870s as "a California word") "young street rowdy, loafer," especially one involved in violence against Chinese immigrants, "young criminal, gangster;" it appears to have been in use locally from a slightly earlier date and may have begun as a specific name of a gang:
The police have recently been investigating the proceedings of a gang of thieving boys who denominate themselves and are known to the world as the Hoodlum Gang. [San Francisco "Golden Era" newspaper, Feb. 16, 1868, p.4]
Of unknown origin, though newspapers of the day printed myriad fanciful stories concocted to account for it. A guess perhaps better than average is that it is from German dialectal (Bavarian) Huddellump "ragamuffin" [Barnhart].What the derivation of the word "hoodlum" is we could never satisfactorily ascertain, though several derivations have been proposed; and it would appear that the word has not been very many years in use. But, however obscure the word may be, there is nothing mysterious about the thing; .... [Walter M. Fisher, "The Californians," London, 1876]
中文词源
hoodlum：暴徒，恶棍
词源不详，特别用于指美国加利福尼亚州19世纪70年代欺负中国移民的街头流氓，一种说法是来自”huddle ‘em”,即huddle them,类似于攻击中国移民的暗号，后来报纸就把这帮人称做hoodlum.
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：hoodlum 词源，hoodlum 含义。
hoodlum：小阿飞，年轻无赖，恶棍
该词原系美语，以后通过匪盗影片进入了英国英语。关于其来历，说法有二。
据传，南北战争(1861 - 1865)结束后不久，旧金山有位记者撰写了一篇关于当地少年犯罪者的报道。由于害怕报复他避免指名道姓，文中有意将流氓头子的名字Muldoon倒拼成Noodlum，排宇工人却把它误排为Hoodlum。文章上报后，加利福尼亚人就把那个城市的年轻无赖称作the San Francisco hoodlums。这个误排的词便这样成为英语的一分子，用以泛指“年轻无赖”、“小阿飞”等。
1935年J．T. Krumpelmann博士在《现代语言笔录》（Modern Language Notes）提出另一种解释，认为hoodlum一词源于德语巴伐利亚方言中意为“无赣”的Hodalum一词。在19世纪60年代至70年代旧金山已有不少德国移民，该德语方言词正当此时传人美国，并逐渐讹变为hoodlum，成为众多表示“流氓”、“阿飞”、“恶棍”的英语词群中的一员。
hooligan小流氓，阿飞
据《牛津英语词典》，该词始见于1898午夏天各家日报上刊载的治安法庭报告。关于它的由来，英国语言学家、辞书编纂家帕特里奇（Eric Partridge，1894 - 1979）在他编的僵语词典中肯定了Clarence Rook所写Hooligan Nights (1899)一书坚持的看法。Clarence Rook认为，意为“小流氓”或“阿飞”的hooligan源出一个流氓恶棍的姓氏。此人名叫Patrick Hooligan，是19世纪末居住在伦敦Southwark区（一说Larn beth区）的一个爱尔兰恶步。他纠合一伙流氓阿飞，惹事生非，横行乡里。在当时许多警察的记事簿上都可以看到Hooligan gang（Hooligan一帮人）这样的字眼。据说他一家子都是流氓恶棍。后来俄语从英语借用了hooligan 一词，据说是19世纪末曾在伦敦住过的俄国皇太子将它带回俄国的。