英文词源
- czar (n.)
- 1550s, from Russian tsar, from Old Slavic tsesari, from Gothic kaisar, from Greek kaisar, from Latin Caesar. First adopted by Russian emperor Ivan IV, 1547.
The spelling with cz- is against the usage of all Slavonic languages; the word was so spelt by Herberstein, Rerum Moscovit. Commentarii, 1549, the chief early source of knowledge as to Russia in Western Europe, whence it passed into the Western Languages generally; in some of these it is now old-fashioned; the usual Ger. form is now zar; French adopted tsar during the 19th c. This also became frequent in English towards the end of that century, having been adopted by the Times newspaper as the most suitable English spelling. [OED]
The Germanic form of the word also is the source of Finnish keisari, Estonian keisar. The transferred sense of "person with dictatorial powers" is first recorded 1866, American English, initially in reference to President Andrew Johnson. The fem. czarina is 1717, from Italian czarina, from Ger. Zarin, fem. of Zar "czar." The Russian fem. form is tsaritsa. His son is tsarevitch, his daughter is tsarevna.
中文词源
czar(沙皇):被用作罗马皇帝名号的凯撒
英语单词czar(沙皇)源自俄语中表示“沙皇”的单词,而后者则是古罗马著名的政治家、军事家凯撒大帝的姓氏“凯撒”的俄语拼写姓氏。凯撒大帝在遗嘱中将自己的甥孙屋大维收为养子和继承人,指定由屋大维继承自己的遗产和姓氏。屋大维后来成为罗马帝国的皇帝。在他之后的历代罗马皇帝会继承“凯撒”这个姓氏,因此“凯撒”就变成了罗马皇帝的专用名号。东罗马帝国(即拜占庭帝国)、西罗马帝国、神圣罗马帝国的皇帝都以“凯撒”为名号,只是拼写方式略有不同。拜占庭帝国灭亡后,信仰东正教的俄罗斯(当时还只是莫斯科公国)成为了东正教世界的领袖,自命为拜占庭帝国的继承者。当时的莫斯科大公伊凡四世于1547年加冕为皇帝,以俄语中的“凯撒”作为自己名号,中文根据其发音和含义译为“沙皇”,英语则根据其发音译为czar。
czar:[zɑː] n.(俄国)沙皇,皇帝,独裁者
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版:czar 词源,czar 含义。
czar:沙皇
来自俄语,同Caesar.
czar:俄国沙皇,专制独裁者
罗马统帅、政治家恺撤(Julius Caesar,l00 - 44BC)死后,他的姓Caesar一直被始自奥古斯都(Augusrus,63BC -14AD)的罗马历代皇帝用作帝王的称号。,其实这一称号一直保留至神圣罗马帝国灭亡为止,此后义为欧洲各国所采用,只是在拼法上有些小的变化。CaeSar 一词的德语形式为Kaiser,用以指“皇帝”,神圣罗马帝国皇帝和奥国、德国皇帝均用该词表示。15世纪时Laesar进入俄语,作tsar,也指“皇帝”,即“俄国沙皇”。czar原为波兰语拼写形式,系由Zsar演变而来。嗣后,czar和tsu,包括kaiser均被英语直接吸收。czar,tsar除了特指“俄国沙皇”,也喻指“独揽大权者”或“专制独裁者“,但czar似乎比tsar通用,面kajser除保留原先的特指意义外,偶而也指“行使绝对权威者”或“独裁者”。英语有一个医学术语Caesarian section(剖腹产手术)一般认为亦源出恺撒大帝的大名Caesar,因为据传说恺撒大帝系破膜产所生。