英文词源
- Yankee
- Yankee: [17] Yankee appears to have started life as a nickname for Dutchmen, and it is thought that it may represent Dutch Janke, a diminutive form of the common Dutch forename Jan. It was first used as a term for inhabitants of New England (where of course there were many early Dutch settlers) in the mid-18th century, and its application gradually spread to cover all the northern states and (more loosely, by non- American speakers) the whole of the USA.
- Yankee (n.)
- 1683, a name applied disparagingly by Dutch settlers in New Amsterdam (New York) to English colonists in neighboring Connecticut. It may be from Dutch Janke, literally "Little John," diminutive of common personal name Jan; or it may be from Jan Kes familiar form of "John Cornelius," or perhaps an alteration of Jan Kees, dialectal variant of Jan Kaas, literally "John Cheese," the generic nickname the Flemings used for Dutchmen.
[I]t is to be noted that it is common to name a droll fellow, regarded as typical of his country, after some favorite article of food, as E[nglish] Jack-pudding, G[erman] Hanswurst ("Jack Sausage"), F[rench] Jean Farine ("Jack Flour"). [Century Dictionary, 1902, entry for "macaroni"]
Originally it seems to have been applied insultingly to the Dutch, especially freebooters, before they turned around and slapped it on the English. A less-likely theory (attested by 1832) is that it represents some southern New England Algonquian language mangling of English. In English a term of contempt (1750s) before its use as a general term for "native of New England" (1765); during the American Revolution it became a disparaging British word for all American natives or inhabitants. Contrasted with southerner by 1828. Shortened form Yank in reference to "an American" first recorded 1778. Latin-American form Yanqui attested in English by 1914 (in Mexican Spanish by 1835).The rule observed in this country is, that the man who receives that name [Yankee] must come from some part north of him who gives it. To compensate us for giving each other nicknames, John Bull "lumps us all together," and calls us all Yankees. ["Who is a Yankee?" Massachusetts Spy, June 6, 1827]
中文词源
Yankee：美国佬
来自荷兰语Janke,即Little John,在17世纪，美洲的荷兰殖民者用该词来称呼英国佬，后来，英国佬用来称呼闹独立的美国佬，美国佬觉得这个名字还不错，就用到现在。
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：Yankee 词源，Yankee 含义。
Yankee：美国佬
Yankee一词大约有三百年的历史。关于它的由来，说法不下二十种。
有人认为，Yankee来源于印第安人对English一词的读音Jengees或Yengees。也有人认为，Yankee出自一个意为“精明”的苏格兰词，因为直到今天，一个精明厉害的商人还往往被人叫做a Yankee trader。但是大多数人认为Yankee起源于荷兰。
17世纪时，荷兰人成为英国人进行殖民地扩张的强有力的竞争对手。英国人把制作和出售乳酪的荷兰人按荷兰语蔑称为Jan Kees，相当于英语John Cheese（乳酪约翰），或把他们叫做Janke（Jan的指小形式），相当于英语Little John（小约翰），同样带有贬抑的含义。后来Jan Kees或Janke又移用作荷兰海员或海盗的诨名，并逐渐讹变为Yankee。
随着荷兰的向外扩张，许多荷兰人来到了美洲。他们主要集中于现在的纽约州一带（最初的纽约州叫新荷兰，纽约市叫新阿姆斯特丹，17世纪末英国兼并后才得名纽约），而英国早期移民则多定居于现在的美国东北沿海各州即新英格兰地区。荷兰移民多半是种地的好手，他们很瞧不起不擅长务农的新英格兰移民，于是把自己的外号转送给了他们，称他们为Yankee。对新英格兰移民素以Brother Jonathan（乔纳森兄弟）相称的英国士兵，把这一绰号接了过来，改称他们为Yankee。南方移民觉得新英格兰移民过于精明，也以Yankee称之。而新英格兰人却将此视为对他们的一种赞誉，引以为荣地接受了。因此，到了18世纪中期Yankee便成了新英格兰人的绰号。
在法英七年战争（the French and Indian War, 1754-1760）期间，据说英军统帅Amherst勋爵手下一个军医Shucksberg（一说Shuckburgh）于1755年特意谱写了一首名为Yankee Doodle（扬基歌）的歌曲，取笑粗里粗气、衣冠不整的新英格兰士兵。
1775年4月的一天，英国陆军上校Hugh Percy带着军队在Yankee Doodle的乐曲声中从波士顿城开赴康科德（Concord）去搜查殖民地人民收藏的枪支，结果被农民组成的殖民地军队打得大败。殖民地军队自豪地踏着Yankee Doodle的乐声开进了波士顿。与此同时在附近的列克星顿（Lexington）殖民地军队也打了一场胜仗，这两场仗史称列克星顿－康科德之战，它们揭开了美国独立战争的序幕。此后，有人把Yankee Doodle的歌词作了修改，使之成为美国最著名的一首进行曲。正是这首歌使Yankee一词得以进一步推广，并在美国广泛流行。
独立战争胜利结束后，Yankee一时成了美国剧场里最受人喜爱的人物，他总是以纯朴老实、精明强干而富于幽默感的形象出现在舞台上。
过了将近一个世纪，美国爆发了南北战争（1861-1865）。在战争时期，南方军士兵把北方军士兵叫做Yankee（北方佬），偶尔也叫doodle（笨蛋）。Yankee Doodle被当作一首亲联邦歌曲，在亚拉巴马州的莫比尔（Mobile）和南部邦联的其他地方这首歌都遭到禁止。Yankee一词再度成为对北方人的一个蔑称，一直到今天美国南部许多地方仍在这样沿用。
到了第一次世界大战时期，Yankee的词义扩大了一些，美国兵被称作Yankee或简称Yank。1917年美国兵都唱起了流行歌曲作家George M. Cohan谱写的“在那里”（Over there）这首歌，歌中唱道：“Over there, over there, the Yanks are coming ...”（在那里，在那里，美国兵来了……）从那时候起，Yank和Yankee就成了欧洲人对美国兵或美国公民的通俗称呼，有时也作为山姆大叔或美国的代称。在拉丁美洲Yankee拼作Yanqui。20世纪50年代，拉丁美洲人民发出了Yanqui go home（美国佬滚回老家去）的吼声，对美国的经济利益和政治影响可说是一个巨大的打击。
从以上所述，可见Yankee或Yank自问世以来其含义常因历史情况而发生变化，时而扬升，时而贬降，且贬多于褒。